A. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis B. Irregularities in serotonin and noradrenaline signaling C. Commonalities in brain regions activated D. Pain-induced changes to neurotransmitter signaling E. Unsure

A. The relationship is unidirectional, and chronic pain leads to mental health disorders B. The relationship is unidirectional, and mental health disorders lead to chronic pain C. The relationship is bidirectional in that both mental health disorders and chronic pain can lead to the other D. The direction of the relationship between chronic pain and mental health disorders is unknown E. Unsure

A. Depression B. Anxiety C. Substance use disorder D. All of the above E. Unsure

A. Restrict insurance coverage of medication assisted therapy (MAT) B. Limit access to MAT for patients that are incarcerated C. Screen patients for a history of opioid use disorder (OUD) prior to employment D. Integrate MAT into the healthcare system E. Unsure

A. Patients seeking treatment for chronic pain B. Chronic pain patients on opioid therapy C. Patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) D. All of the above E. Unsure

A. Increased social interactions B. Increased sleep disturbances C. Difficulty completing physical activities D. Impaired concentration E. Unsure

A. Bupropion B. Amitriptyline C. Nortriptyline D. Duloxetine E. Unsure

A. Bupropion B. Amitriptyline C. Duloxetine D. Desipramine E. Unsure

A. PEG B. PHQ-9 C. GAD-7 D. All of the above E. Unsure

A. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends screening patients with chronic pain for common mental health disorders in the setting of a significant past medical history B. Untreated depression does not interfere with resolution of chronic pain C. Clinicians should monitor patients with anxiety and chronic pain for concomitant use of benzodiazepines and antidepressants D. Patients with a comorbid substance use disorder should be counselled on a potentially high risk of opioid-related overdose E. Unsure