A. ELIXA B. EXSCEL C. LEADER D. SUSTAIN-6 E. Unsure

A. To reduce the risk of cardiovascular death in at-risk patients B. To reduce the risk of hospitalization due to heart failure in patients using metformin C. To reduce the risk of metformin-induced diarrhea D. To reduce major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease E. Unsure

A. Anti-inflammatory effects B. Atherosclerotic vascular benefits C. Vasodilation D. Intravascular volume contraction E. Unsure

A. To rule out the risk of drug interactions between the new antihyperglycemic medications and other commonly used medications. B. To determine which new antihyperglycemic medications may further reduce the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events. C. To prove that patients with type 2 diabetes receiving the new medication do not experience increased rates of cardiovascular events. D. To verify that the new antihyperglycemic medication does not contribute to additional weight gain, since diabetes commonly coincides with metabolic syndrome. E. Unsure

A. Low drop-out or withdrawal rate in the placebo group B. Low exposure to the study drug C. Overpowered study to detect a statistical difference D. Follow-up period too lengthy E. Unsure

A. CV benefits are achieved after the medication has reached steady state. B. CV benefits are achieved after 3 to 6 months of GLP-1 RA use. C. CV benefits are achieved as glycemic targets are reached. D. CV benefits are achieved after 12 to 18 months of GLP-1 RA use E. Unsure

A. REWIND B. PIONEER 6 C. LEADER D. SUSTAIN 6 E. Unsure

A. Because insulin is required for sustaining life for those with type 1 diabetes. B. Because patients with type 1 diabetes are not at an elevated cardiovascular risk. C. Because insulin therapy is already known to increase cardiovascular risk. D. This is incorrect. The FDA requires CVOTs be conducted on medications for treating any type of diabetes due to the overall increased cardiovascular risk present in all forms of diabetes. E. Unsure

A. Liraglutide daily subcutaneous injection B. Exenatide BID subcutaneous injection C. Exenatide weekly subcutaneous injection D. Lixisenatide daily subcutaneous injection E. Unsure

A. Non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and cardiovascular death B. All-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke C. Non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and cardio revascularization D. Unstable angina, heart failure exacerbation, and cardiovascular death E. Unsure