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INTRODUCTION

If you are providing MTM services to patients enrolled in Medicare Part D, those patients must meet specific selection criteria in order to have MTM services reimbursed by Medicare. However, many pharmacists also provide MTM to other groups of patients, outside of Medicare Part D, who can benefit from these services. This chapter analyzes both of those groups, to help pharmacists target the most appropriate patients for MTM services.

How patients are targeted for MTM depends much on the arrangements for reimbursement. When a pharmacist provides MTM under Medicare Part D, the services must follow particular protocols and may be constrained by limited reimbursement. Some pharmacy organizations also provide MTM services for employers that are looking to reduce healthcare costs and absentee rates among their workforce. Research on these programs has shown that for every $1 spent on MTM, the employer can save between $6 and $12 on healthcare costs.^1,2 The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) is another example of a care structure with an emphasis on MTM.¹ In PCMH and workplace settings, the criteria for patient selection is usually much broader than that defined by Medicare Part D. Patient criteria for MTM are outlined in Table 1.

MEDICARE PART D MTM CRITERIA

Medicare Part D "sponsors" (or payers) are private insurance companies that contract with Medicare to provide drug benefits to Part D enrollees.³ Sponsors may offer their own MTM services (often provided via phone), or they may contract with pharmacies or specialized MTM organizations to provide phone or in-person MTM services. If so, sponsors will refer candidates to the pharmacy setting for MTM, based on the Medicare Part D criteria outlined below. 

For automatic enrollment (eligibility) in MTM based on Medicare Part D requirements, patient must meet all 3 criteria:⁴

1. Patient with multiple chronic diseases
   The sponsor may set eligibility for MTM at 2 or more chronic diseases. The sponsor can be more inclusive (e.g., they can sponsor MTM for people with 1 chronic disease as the minimum.) Sponsors cannot require patients to have more than 3 chronic diseases in order to receive MTM benefits. 
   
   The sponsor may elect to cover MTM for any set of chronic diseases, but they must include at least 5 of the 9 "core" chronic conditions shown in Figure 1.⁴
2. Patient taking multiple drugs covered by Medicare Part D
   Each Medicare Part D sponsor determines the specific drugs covered under its formulary. The sponsor may set the minimum number of drugs required for a patient to qualify for MTM at any range between 2 and 8. That is, the sponsor may offer MTM for those taking just 1 covered drug, but they cannot require that patients be taking more than 8 drugs to receive MTM services.⁴
3. Patient likely to incur high drug costs
   CMS increases this amount each year by a margin of 11.76%. For 2019 the amount under Medicare Part D is ≥ $4,044. The sponsors look at first-quarter drug spending to determine the likelihood of spending this amount. 

Expanded criteria: Medicare Part D sponsors are encouraged by CMS to have additional expanded criteria in order to offer MTM to a wider patient base. They cannot make the criteria narrower, but they can optimize their programs, "to offer MTM to beneficiaries who will benefit the most from these services."⁴

How should eligible Medicare Part D recipients be contacted for MTM services?
Although contacting Medicare Part D candidates for MTM is done by the sponsors, pharmacists should understand the method by which patients are approached. Medicare requires that patients who meet sponsor/CMS requirements be "automatically enrolled" for MTM. This means that the patient is considered to be enrolled unless he or she specifically opts out, or declines enrollment. If a patient meets the sponsor's criteria, he or she is automatically enrolled and must be considered enrolled for that calendar year even if the person's health circumstances change.⁴

Sponsors are required to use more than one approach to reach eligible targeted beneficiaries for MTM, rather than using passive offers only (such as a mailed flyer). So if a letter is sent, sponsors are expected to follow up via phone if there is no response.⁴ Each sponsor is expected to review its patient data quarterly to target potential MTM recipients. 

In addition, patients enrolled in Medicare Part D can proactively contact the sponsor's pharmacy benefit manager or the medical care provider (physician) to request Medicare Part D MTM services.

How can pharmacists who provide MTM receive referrals for Medicare patients?
One way to receive referrals to provide MTM for this set of patients is to contact local providers of Medicare prescription drug coverage, including:

• Prescription Drug Plan–Part D (PDPs)
• Medicare Advantage–Part C

A listing of these providers can be found on the CMS.gov website:
http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Prescription-Drug-Coverage/PrescriptionDrugCovContra/PartDContacts.html

Third-Party MTM Organizations (e.g., Outcomes MTM)

Pharmacists who are MTM providers can also access eligible Medicare Part D enrollees through MTM provider companies like Outcomes MTM®. These companies act as third-party intermediaries between the health plan or payer and the pharmacy. The company provides names of identified patients to the pharmacy and assists with documentation and billing by providing software and other services.

Enhanced MTM Model Program For Specific Regions⁵

In 2017, CMS initiated a pilot program for "enhanced" MTM in certain regions to determine how expanded MTM services would influence costs and quality of care. Regions participating in the test include:

Enhanced MTM encourages more individualized interventions and engages pharmacists more extensively in the MTM process. Pharmacists are asked to identify at-risk patients, optimize medication use, mediate communication with prescribers, and share information prior to office visits, such as comprehensive medication review (CMR) reports.

The enhanced program also increases payments for more extensive MTM interventions. Premium payments will be provided for Part D sponsors that are able to demonstrate reductions in healthcare costs. These payments systems are under development, but CMS has stated that certain Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) measures may be used (Figure 2).

Sponsors in these test regions are required to submit more extensive documentation as part of their participation in Enhanced MTM. This documentation is outlined in Figure 3.⁵

TARGETING PATIENTS FOR MTM: BEYOND MEDICARE PART D

Clearly, there is a vast population of patients apart from those enrolled in Medicare who can benefit from MTM services, and for whom cost savings can be recognized. As shown in Table 1, this includes patients who are younger than 65, who may have only one chronic health condition, and who may be dealing with a common problem such as nonadherence.

If a pharmacy organization has an MTM program that serves employers, community groups, or individual pharmacy patrons, the criteria for patients to receive MTM may extend beyond the criteria outlined by Medicare Part D. Potential situations may include:

• Patients who are nonadherent to medications or medical therapies
  Approximately 50% of patients with chronic diseases are nonadherent to medical therapies.⁶ Nonadherence may be identified via pharmacy records (failure to fill or refill prescriptions), from physician referral, or from lab records. Specific guidance on how to address adherence problems through MTM services are provided in Module 14. 
• Recent care transition
  Approximately 60% of medication-related errors in patient records occur during care transitions.⁷ Hospital admissions and discharges, as well as changes in medical provider or care setting, are ideal opportunities for MTM. Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are groups that partner with pharmacists to offer MTM at the time of care transitions to reduce rehospitalization and promote safe and effective medication use.⁸ 
• Change in health status
  Improved patient education is needed for individuals who have undergone a recent change in health status. This may include patients who have received a new diagnosis for a chronic condition such as diabetes. Other circumstances include:
  • Adverse events stemming from medication use or medication error
  • Need for change in therapy, increased dosage of medication
  • Progression of disease
  • Laboratory values outside of normal range
• Patients using high-risk medications or complex medication regimens
  According to the Institute of Medicine, gaps in medication knowledge can lead to medication errors. Patients may not understand how to use a drug, especially if its dosage and administration instructions are complex.⁷
  
  Through MTM, pharmacists provide an important service in addressing these patient education gaps. Patients using a device (such as an inhaler) may receive insufficient instructions in the physician's office, and often have forgotten the instructions by the time the prescription is filled.⁷ Situations that may be amenable to MTM are outlined in Figure 4.

• Request originating from healthcare provider or payer
  Physicians and other healthcare providers often lack the time to provide thorough patient education, medication reconciliation, and adherence follow-up. These functions may be designated to a pharmacist who receives reimbursement for these services. Examples of such systems might include the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH, defined in the sidebar) and Collaborative Practice Agreements (described in Module 5, Communication Essentials).
  
  Payers may review utilization databases to identify patients who are frequently hospitalized or seek emergency care in order to identify patients who are candidates for MTM. This may be Medicare-eligible patients, but also other patients who are high utilizers of services. 
• Patient self-referral for MTM services
  Self-referral for MTM services probably does not happen often in the current healthcare environment. In theory, a pharmacist could provide MTM services on an individual basis for a fee, and the patient would realize cost savings in other ways such as fewer drugs or medical visits.⁹ This reflects a pharmacy trend where sole "product" is the pharmacist's health management knowledge. Some situations that might warrant one-on-one counseling with a pharmacist include:
  • Wellness initiatives such as smoking cessation
  • A need to reduce patients' out-of-pocket medication costs or medical costs

MTM SERVICES INVOLVING CAREGIVERS

There are many scenarios where MTM services should be delivered in the company of the patient as well as a close relative or caregiver. 

If a patient is cognitively impaired or has a severe mental illness, MTM services may be provided directly to the caregiver/s, without the patient present. These decisions are made in conjunction with a healthcare provider such as the patient's physician. If a pharmacist providing MTM service believes that the patient is unable to understand or is unlikely to follow the instructions, this should be documented and shared with the healthcare provider. At that point, a healthcare proxy should determine who can legally make decisions on the patient's behalf and receive education about his or her care.

Other patients may elect to bring in a spouse, adult son or daughter, or other caregiver to participate in MTM. State laws vary as to how a third party may participate in medical decision-making; this information is usually available from the state's Department of Health. For MTM, this may involve just having the patient provide informal consent for a relative to sit in, a basic HIPAA form, or having paperwork prepared for a healthcare surrogate or power of attorney. Some of these situations might include:

• An elderly person who wants an adult son/daughter to participate in MTM;
• A person with a condition that may involve caregiver assistance (e.g., assistance with injections);
• Patient with a condition that renders them unable to help themselves in certain circumstances (e.g., a person with epilepsy or severe asthma, or a treatment that may cause mental cloudiness);
• A family member or friend who is a healthcare professional with medical knowledge that may help guide decision making
• Patients in long-term care settings

Definitions Used in Module 2 Medicare Part D Sponsor Private insurance companies or payers that contract with Medicare tprovide drug benefits tMedicare Part D enrollees. Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) A model or philosophy of primary care that is patient-centered, coordinated, team-based, accessible, and focused on quality and safety. A philosophy of healthcare delivery that encourages providers/care teams tmeet patients where they are; treat patients with respect, dignity, and compassion; and enable trusting relationships with providers and staff. Collaborative Practice Agreement An agreement that defines a formal relationship between pharmacists and physicians or other providers tallow for expanded patient-care services from the pharmacist and document the collaboration and cooperation of the provider. Accountable Care Organization As defined by CMS, ACOs are "groups of doctors, hospitals, and other healthcare providers, whcome together voluntarily tgive coordinated high-quality care ttheir Medicare patients."

REFERENCES

1. Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative. The Patient-Centered Medical Home: Integrating Comprehensive Medication Management to Optimize Patient Outcomes. Resource Guide, 2nd ed. June 2012. Available at: http://www.pcpcc.org/sites/default/files/media/medmanagement.pdf.
2. Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Artz MB, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of medication therapy management services: the Minnesota experience. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008;48(2):203-213.
3. Office of the Inspector General, Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare Part D Sponsors. OEI-02-07-00460, Oct 2007.
4. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). CY 2019 Medication Therapy Management Program Guidance and Submission Instructions. April 6, 2018. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Prescription-Drug-Coverage/PrescriptionDrugCovContra/Downloads/Memo-Contract-Year-2019-Medication-Therapy-Management-MTM-Program-Submission-v-040618.pdf
5. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Part D Enhanced Medication Therapy Management Model. Updated December 4, 2018. Available at: https://innovation.cms.gov/initiatives/enhancedmtm/
6. World Health Organization (WHO). Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2003.
7. Aspden P, Wolcott J, Bootman JL, et al (Eds). Preventing Medication Errors. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Identifying and Preventing Medication Errors. National Academies Press, 2007.
8. Smith M, Giuliano MR, Starkowski MP. In Connecticut: improving patient medication management in primary care. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30(4):646-654.
9. Wittayanukorn S, Westrick SC, Hansen RA, et al. Evaluation of medication therapy management services for patients with cardiovascular disease in a self-insured employer health plan. J Manag Care Pharm. 2013;19(5):385-395.

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